Progressives have found passages that suggest Augustine might have entertained hopes for meaningful political melioration in his time and that could make his "political theology" an especially valuable source for "an ethics of democratic citizenship" and for "hopeful citizenship" in ours. Peter Iver Kaufman argues that his sentiments may more compellingly offer a radical alternative to prevailing progressive politics. Exploring Augustine's roughly contemporary experiments with the political culture, the book examines Georgio Agamben's disenchantments and alternatives alongside those of Augustine, comparing the former's fascination with the refugees, as opposed to citizens who embrace "forms of life" promoted by political protocols. Kaufman then chronicles Hannah Arendt's criticism of the alternative model and her preferences for and commitments to more direct political engagement.